Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. AML develops when immature white blood cells, known as myeloid cells, grow uncontrollably and interfere with the production of healthy blood cells.

The word "acute" means that the disease progresses rapidly and requires prompt medical attention. AML is one of the most common forms of acute leukemia in adults, although it can occur at any age.

What Causes AML?

In many cases, the exact cause of AML is unknown. However, several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease:

• Increasing age (most common in adults over 60)

• Previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy

• Exposure to certain chemicals such as benzene

• Smoking and tobacco use

• Certain genetic disorders

• Previous blood disorders such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

Having one or more risk factors does not necessarily mean a person will develop AML.

Symptoms of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

AML symptoms often develop quickly and may resemble those of common illnesses. Common signs include:

Persistent Fatigue

A shortage of healthy red blood cells can lead to anemia, causing extreme tiredness and weakness.

Frequent Infections

AML affects the body's ability to produce functional white blood cells, increasing the risk of infections.

Easy Bruising or Bleeding

Low platelet counts may cause:

• Frequent nosebleeds

• Bleeding gums

• Easy bruising

• Small red spots under the skin (petechiae)

Fever

Unexplained fever or recurrent infections are common early signs.

Bone and Joint Pain

The buildup of leukemia cells in the bone marrow may cause discomfort or pain.

Shortness of Breath

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to anemia can lead to breathlessness during routine activities.

How Is AML Diagnosed?

Early diagnosis plays a crucial role in treatment outcomes. A doctor may recommend:

Blood Tests

A complete blood count (CBC) helps identify abnormal blood cell levels.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A sample of bone marrow is examined to confirm the diagnosis and determine the subtype of AML.

Genetic and Molecular Testing

Advanced testing helps identify specific mutations that guide treatment decisions and prognosis.

Imaging Studies

In certain cases, imaging scans may be performed to assess complications or disease spread.